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| c. 1020 |
| | | The Persian scholar Avicenna, author of encyclopedic works on philosophy and medicine, spends the last part of his life in Isfahan | |
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| 1078 |
| | | Anselm includes in his Proslogion his famous 'ontological proof' of the existence of God | |
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| c. 1115 |
| | | Peter Abelard teaches philosophy at Notre Dame until an affair with one of his pupils, Héloïse, brings his career to a dramatic end | |
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| c. 1180 |
| | | In Cordoba the Muslim philosopher Averroës writes commentaries on Aristotle that are influential throughout medieval Europe | |
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| c. 1180 |
| | | In Cairo the Jewish philosoper Moses Maimonides writes, in Arabic, a much translated text with the endearing title Guide to the Perplexed | |
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| c. 1266 |
| | | Thomas Aquinas begins the outstanding work of medieval scholasticism, his Summa Theologiae | |
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| c. 1300 |
| | | Duns Scotus, known as the Subtle Doctor in medieval times, later provides humanists with the name Dunsman or dunce | |
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| c. 1340 |
| | | William of Ockham advocates paring down arguments to their essentials, an approach later known as Ockham's Razor | |
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| 1462 |
| | | In keeping with his personal interest in Plato, Cosimo de' Medici founds a Platonic Academy in Florence | |
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| c. 1595 |
| | | The writings of Matteo Ricci introduce Kung Fu Tzu to Europe under a Latin version of his name - Confucius | |
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